Hunting and Gathering vs. Agriculture Essay - 732 Words

From the early prehistoric society until now, we often heard the word â€Å"adaptation†, which means the process of changing something or changing our behavior to deal with new situations. The ways people adjust their natural environment varies according to time, place, and tribe. Foraging is common way of adaptation that people uses for most of human history; however because of the population pressure, some people adopt agriculture to fulfill their need. This essay, will discuss the positive and negative aspects of life in hunting and gathering societies compared to the agricultural societies based on Martin Harris’ article â€Å"Murders in Eden† and Jared Diamond’s article â€Å"The Worst Mistake in the History of Human Race.† Hunting and†¦show more content†¦It also takes more additional hours of food preparation to make it is suitable for consumption. It appears that hunter-gatherers have more leisure time than farmers. On the other hand, an agricultural system absorbs more labor and increased workload per capita. Based on the output of production, agriculture is perceived as an advance because farmers can produce more food within a smaller area than they could possibly obtain as hunter-gatherers. Harris says that this situation happened since farmers control â€Å"the rate of plant reproduction† (Harris 219), which means that immediate adverse consequences could be prevented with the intensification of production. On the other hand, hunter-gatherers, which depend on the availability of natural plants and animals; consequently, can raise their output very little. However, although farmers can produce more food than hunter-gatherers do, the numbers of crops are limited; therefore, when the crops failed, there is risk of starvation. In order to keep their standard of living, hunter-gatherers have to keep their population low. They use many ways to prevent pregnancy, such as herbal contraceptives, plant and animal poisons, and many mechanical techniques for abortion. Hunter-gatherers are also likely to use infanticide and geronticide, which means the killing of infant and oldShow MoreRelatedOrigin Of Agriculture And Village Life1758 Words   |  8 PagesOrigin of Agriculture and Village Life: Natufian Culture vs. Early Chinese Neolihic Food is one of the most biological needs of human, so obtaining food has always been in human priority. So the question here is that if our ancient could hunt and gather, why did some ancient societies turn to food production and sedentism? Well, in contrast to hunting and gathering as a way of life of our ancients, agriculture implies modifying the environment in order to exploit it more effectively. According toRead MoreAgriculture : A Global Environmental And Humanitarian Issue1489 Words   |  6 PagesAgriculture uses the domestication and cultivation of animals, plants, fungi and other life forms to produce food, fiber, biofuel, medicinal and other products to help sustain and enhance human life. Agriculture has existed for over the last 10,000 years and is credited into propelling our civilization into the modern cultures and technologies we see today. Without the ability to store and domesticate plants and animals it is unlikely that we would have been able to evolve beyond o ur hunting andRead MoreHow Social Complexity Develop Through Consensus Or Conflict?1698 Words   |  7 PagesAs well as my own thought’s, I will be discussing the ideologies of a number of professionals, both in archaeology and social anthropology, focusing mainly on the early development of the archaic Mesopotamian and Mesoamerican civilisations. Conflict vs. Consensus Conflict theory is a term that was first advocated by the German philosopher and sociologist Karl Marx (1818-1883). First and foremost, it is important for us to understand how conflict within society can arise. Marx’s methodology or anotherRead MoreWhy Don t More Men Make Their Own Sandwiches?1104 Words   |  5 Pagestendency towards â€Å"man the hunter† and â€Å"woman the gatherer†, but sometimes men also participated in the gathering of plant foods and women hunted with dogs and weapons.3 The work of both men and women were valuable for survival and neither sex was thought to have an innate ability to perform certain tasks better than the other. Agricultural The agricultural revolution began with shift agriculture, and there was an â€Å"all hands on deck† approach to labour. Men and women worked on the field with handRead MoreChanges in the Land Essay1072 Words   |  5 Pagesthe writings of the first European settlers to describe the lands and how the Europeans affected the land differently than the Natives had during their years tending it by themselves. The difference between the politics behind the way the Europeans vs. the Natives lived was a large subject in the text and set way to shape the discussion of how the Europeans viewed and utilized resources. Their ideas of productive and consumptive use eventually made land laws come into effect, a concept that was muchRead MoreCritical Analysis of Diamond Essay1556 Words   |  7 Pagesbiologically the same, because they came form the same ancestors a thousand years ago. But the island that the Moriori were living on couldn’t support very many people, crops werenâ€⠄¢t able to grow, and the hunting and gathering didn’t require very complex tools or technologies. However, the Maori had agriculture (leading to specialization), were frequently at war (resulting in war technologies), and were able to support many more people. It is not surprising that the Moriori were easily defeated when the twoRead MoreThe Evolutionary Theory Of Suicide3173 Words   |  13 Pagesthose who have attempted or committed suicide have to face having six times the risk of suicide as those do not fit the criteria. In the article Carol Ezzell talks about what are the causes of suicide. She spoke on the back and forth between the Nature vs Nurture debate that some believe it is something you naturally know and other factors play into it. Suicide being one of the darkest and terrifying aspects of human behavior and to understand how and why it takes place could help prevent it from helpingRead MoreProgression vs Conservation-From the View Point of Third World Countries3064 Words   |  13 Pagesprogression among third world countries in the 21st century. (â€Å"The Economy Vs. Environment Debate,† n.d.) There seemingly appears to be conflict between the act of progressing in terms of development and conservation. Our world has been rapidly changing over the past decade. This is due to the fact that the Industrial Revolution took place towards the end of the 18th century, covering the span of the early 19th century. (â€Å"The Economy Vs. Environment Debate,† n.d.) The Industrial Revolution involved newRead MoreEssay on History of Economics2136 Words   |  9 PagesEconomics 515 Midterm 1 1. Economic growth vs. economic development, define extensive growth intensive growth Economic growth is the sustained increase in the output of goods/services of a society. Economic development is economic growth plus changes in technical and institutional arrangements by with output are produced. Extensive growth- increase in output due to increase in inputs (labor force grows, land stock increases) Intensive growth- increase in output per unit of input –Read MoreTheories of Development2183 Words   |  9 Pageswas very direct (Laibman, 2006). The ruling class physically owned the lower class and slaves had little to no motivation to advance the productive forces by increasing their labour productivity. The ancient stage was economically supported by agriculture and the discovery of trade. During this stage there were the introduction of a new technology which mainly involved the use of animals (horses, cows and ox) and the development of two ways farming. This mode of production can be identified within

Mark Twain Masculinity Essay - 2068 Words

19th century America was a time period in which the definition of masculinity grew through a man’s power and work. To be considered as â€Å"that man†, what was needed was power, wealth, and even the appearance of a man himself. It was often times violent in the battle for who was the â€Å"manlier man†, as it related to the real world of Twain’s 19th century. Masculinity was a way for these men to create dominance and get their way throughout duels and even bargaining. Twain’s view on 19th century America can be of comparison to Arthurian England with the comparison of a King and the lower man. Twain builds on the world that men have come to think that doing one bad thing, is even good for their wellbeing, and to hold that masculine image.†¦show more content†¦The diction is used rather than much simpler words to build onto the scene and write it to be more detailed. The idea of gender and masculinity created by Jehlen gives us an idea of how masculinity seen through the viewpoint of Twain. Although Jehlen’s idea focuses more on the idea of femininity, an interpretation that could be quite significant is that there is a â€Å"literary phenomena that have no intrinsic association with sex† (263), opposing to Twain’s idea of masculinity because through literary devices, the men and masculinity can be viewed through dogs, there is no exact claim or connotation that women can be interpreted in this way. Jehlen’s theory is a contrast to Twain’s passage about the dog-fight because through reading the dog-fight the personification that can be interpreted is upon the men, because of the different feminine characters throughout the novel. On the other hand, it does relate to the previous cited quotes because there are few characters who work against the different associations with sex, such as Clarence, who comes off a bit more feminine and smaller in masculinity characteristics. Gender is s een by Jehlen as more of their nature over nurture and how men and women â€Å"reflect(s) history and culture rather than nature† (264), connects to Twains specific passage about the dog-fight because ofShow MoreRelatedThe Idea Of Modernity In Paul Therouxs Being A Man1418 Words   |  6 PagesIn Paul Theroux essay â€Å"Being a Man† appearing in his book, â€Å"Sunrise with Sea monsters: Travels and Discoveries† he challenges the modern views of what â€Å"being a real man† means in today’s society. According to Theroux, the concept of manhood is to â€Å"be stupid, be unfeeling, obedient, soldierly, and stop thinking.† (p.1) Throughout the essay he expresses his strong dislike of these standards he believes are an insult to the whole idea of masculinity. Through personal stories and various examples, heRead MoreThe Philosophy of Transcendentalism Essay1292 Words   |  6 Pagescreativity in all people. â€Å"Nothing is possible within o ur distinctively human world without creative insight and interpretation. His attention to what it means to make something new and his concern about the influence of the past, of books and monuments, mark him as an important figure in the production of a national literature† (Carr, 10). The Over-soul is the philosophy that the nature in which we reside creates our world in depth by means of our insight and interpretations. Emersons emphasis on nonconformityRead More The Forgotten Female in the Works of Ernest Hemingway Essay3143 Words   |  13 Pagesusually, of young men coming of age. There are few, if any, stories in the canon of women coming of age, however, and Hemingway is not the first to suffer the wrath of feminist critics. But is this wrath justified?    In his dissertation, Mark G. Newton reviews some of the critical literature that places Hemingway within the misogynist genre. Cliches [sic] abound, he says. Hemingway was in search of his manhood (an ignoble quest?); he hated women; he had a death wish and a thinRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 PagesL. Jurkiewicz, Louisiana State University John Kammeyer-Mueller, University of Florida Edward Kass, Saint Joseph’s University Marsha Katz, Governors State College James Katzenstein, California State University John Keiser, SUNY College at Brockport Mark Kendrick, Methodist University Mary Kern, Baruch College Robert Key, University of Phoenix Sigrid Khorram, University of Texas at El Paso Hal Kingsley, Erie Community College Jeffrey Kobles, California State University San Marcos Jack Kondrasuk, University

Secret River Free Essays

Shaira Sanchez 05/09/12 Shaira Sanchez 05/09/12 The Secret River by Kate Grenville Essay Explain the way that narrative devices have been employed by an author to construct a representation of people or places in at least one text that you have studied. You must make specific reference to â€Å"The Secret River. † One of Australia’s finest writers Kate Grenville wrote The Secret River which challenges traditional gender roles of women in the early nineteenth century London and Australia. We will write a custom essay sample on Secret River or any similar topic only for you Order Now The novel has challenged the female stereotype in a patriarchal society through the strong female character of Sal Thornhill. Sal has been the brains of her family through their tough times in London and their settlement in Sydney. Sal is the wife of William Thornhill, a convict. The memory of how the gentry treated Thornhill pushed him to work himself up into the foreign land of Australia to become like that gentleman he had served once back in London, in the water of Thames–the one with the power and the one who looked down on him who represents the working class. His determination to set off a space for himself in the foreign land eventually placed him and some of the settlers in direct opposition to the Aboriginal people by their desire to finally have control on their own lives. The use of a wide range of narrative devices in The Secret River has vividly taken the readers back to the nineteenth century where power and wealth determines a man’s position in the society. Sal Thornhill has been constructed in The Secret River as a strong female character who challenges traditional gender roles in the early nineteenth century–mainly when women were biologically, socially and intellectually inferior. Although Sal was raised in a quite comfortable lifestyle, she still has managed to cope with the tragic events in her life as a mother and as a wife. We see through Thornhill’s limited omniscient point of view that Sal would have to â€Å"brighten herself up† because they both knew that Sal would have to offer her service in the cold streets of London to support her family’s financial needs, while Thornhill was convicted for theft. Sal’s staggering sacrifices did not just end in London. Her character even became stronger when they settled in a place that nothing Thornhill had ever seen–where â€Å"trees were tortured formless things† that looked half dead and when Christmas was during the hot days of summer. Women in that time were normally perceived as housekeepers and child-bearers. However, Sal did not just take care of her family emotionally and physically, but financially as well â€Å"At the end of each week Sal would count up the takings, from Thornhill’s work on the water and from her own selling liquor, and hide them away in a box. † which is evident through the descriptive language used. As a migrant myself, I understood Sal’s attitude towards the new environment that she was in. It wasn’t a part of her plan, but she accepted the circumstances and lived with it half-heartedly. Although her heart was always reminding her of ‘Home’, her mind and body still endured the harsh conditions, all for her family. It wasn’t the usual approach of women back in the nineteenth century to stand up for her family instead of the husband. However, Sal’s character was constructed to challenge the representation of women during that time by being the provider and the child-bearer all at once. Sal, her family, and the other settlers encountered the ‘otherness’ once they arrived in Sydney–which had two different representations as a race in The Secret River. Australia was not an empty land when the Thornhills and the white settlers arrived. They were not expecting people living in that type of place for thousands of years. These people were as strange as the place through the settlers’ perception. There was one who hung about the Thornhills’ hut and entertained them, dressed only with a faded-pink bonnet on his head in trade for food and a sip of rum. They called him Scabby Bill who represents the ‘visible’ natives. His drunkenness and his appearance symbolises the detrimental impact of colonialism to the Aboriginals. The other sort of native were the ‘invisible’ ones who stayed away from the settlement. They were represented through Long Jack’s strong character. The settlers did not initially affect them, but they saw them as â€Å"snakes or the spiders, not something that could be guarded against† which symbolises as a threat to their dreams. The blacks, on the other hand had a different view of what the settlers referred to as ‘stealing’. Their belief is that nobody owns the land, not them, not the settlers. This clash of beliefs has lead to the novel’s climax, the massacre, where the ‘invisible’ became ‘visible’. The way Thornhill addresses the natives and were given English names symbolises Thornhill’s attitude being Eurocentric. Thornhill did not want to be engaged to the natives, but he himself implanted the European traditions on them. The settlers did not have the same beliefs towards the blacks, just like the natives were to them which also lead to two different representations–one that respects the ‘otherness’ and one that doesn’t. A huge contrast in the characters was made in the novel between Blackwood and Smasher. Blackwood was described as a huge deep and silent man who had â€Å"a rough dignity about him†. He believed in the concept of â€Å"give a little, take a little† in terms of dealing with the blacks. While Smasher’s appearance was constructed as â€Å"a naked-looking face without eyebrows† and always craves for attention that is evident through his dialogue that he had â€Å"not seen the event (rage) personally† but spreads the story anyway. He believed in the concept of ‘whips and biters’. There was no single respect that was given to the blacks from Smasher. Of all the characters, Blackwood has the greatest knowledge and appreciation of the Aboriginals and even lived with an Aboriginal woman and had a child. Smasher did live with one as well, but he referred to her as his â€Å"black bitch. † Although the settlers had the same hopes of finding a better life in Australia, they still ended up on two different paths due to the contrast on their attitude towards the Aboriginals. William Thornhill’s character was not constructed consistently in The Secret River as his attitudes and values towards Australia and the Aboriginals changed throughout the novel. Through Thornhill’s limited omniscient point of view, we sympathise with him by the way the gentry treated him as a waterman in the lower class. He had worked hard but his efforts were not appreciated, thus, pushed him to steal that lead him in his deportation to Australia. Thornhill and the majority of the convicts found a hope for a better life in Australia. It was what they have always longed for–to own a land, to finally have something they can call their own. Thornhill’s change n values was revealed through his dialogue, â€Å"Forgetting your manners are you, Dan Oldfield† he said to an old friend who he chose as one his servants. He became hungry for power and authority when he had a taste on what it was like to be on top of the others: on top of his fellow settlers, on top of the Aboriginals. Thornhill has spoken to the Aboriginals the way the gentry did to him â€Å"Old Boy, he started. He fancied the sound of that. † Thornhill and some of settlers saw the blacks as a hindrance to their one last chance to achieve their ultimate dream, like when Sagitty suggested to â€Å"get them before they get us. He has been successful in this goal but behind the high walls of his ‘villa’, was an unfulfilled William Thornhill after losing his friends and ultimately, his son Dick, who sympathise to the indigenous way of life. He became like the gentry, but not quite. He possessed the land, the house, the servants, but not the respect. The scars of his past were embedded on his name–William Thornhill, who was once a waterman, illiterate and an ex-convict. The Secret River has diverse representations of gender, class and race that have been successfully constructed in each character through the use of narrative devices. Sal represents those women who stood up for their family, in spite of the tagged inferiorities built by the society through the years especially in the nineteenth century and the earlier times. Scabby Bill and Long Jack represent the two different approach of their race on colonisation of the Europeans. Their values differ, just as the settlers’ views had towards them. Blackwood amongst all the others respects the Aboriginals, while Smasher had no heart for these people and treated them like animals. William Thornhill as the novel’s protagonist did not have a certain representation. His whole character was constructed based on his life back in London that resulted in a change of values as he found himself flourishing in his new ‘Home’. This novel lets the readers engage themselves in each of the representations effectively through Thornhill’s limited omniscient point of view. We tend to judge the differences in gender, in every class and in every race through what the society has already built on people as time goes by. However, Kate Grenville gave us a wider view of how each of these people ended up the way they were before, and the way they are in present time. As a migrant myself, I can compare myself with Sal, above all the characters. Migration wasn’t a part of our plan, but if that leads us to a better life, why not endure the circumstances? At the end of the day, every sacrifice and effort will be worth it. However, I believe that I will never end up the way Thornhill had– a wealthy man with a ‘villa’, without a peace of mind. How to cite Secret River, Papers

Issues in Business Communication Free Samples-Myassignmenthelp

Question: Write an Essay on Contemporary Issues in Business Communication. Answer: Introduction The ability of a business to communicate is important for a business to success. It is necessary to communicate in an effective manner not with the employees but with the clients as well. Communication is one of the important factors for attaining efficacy in business. However there are challenges that business are facing in a multidimensional business organization. Technology is one of effective tool that is used by business organizations to manage functions. Understanding the business problem is important in order to find an appropriate solution. The most important aspect of communication is to listen to the problems in order to develop skills. This is one of the efficient techniques used in order to manage excess pressure. It is evident that the modern business organization should develop effective communication procedures in order to attain desired results. In order to avoid the level of frustration a business origination need to develop effective market strategies. These strateg ies will help the organization in order to get the effective result. The contemporary businesses are undergoing major issues in dealing with the problems. The report establishes necessity of communication in modern business organization. The report also includes the contemporary issues in business communication faced by Pauls in Australia. Companys Overview Pauls is an extraordinary dairy passionate about making great tasting products that are packed with real goodness. They are selling dairy products that include milk, cream, custard, yoghurt and flavored milk. They are currently known as number 1 milk and dairy brand. The company is supporting hundreds of Australian farmers and produces wholesome Australian milk. They are known for providing extraordinary quality products (Pauls, 2017). Contemporary issues in Business Communication One of the major issues faced by the modern organization in managing an organization is related to effective communication. It is difficult for the teams to communicate with the teams in an effective manner. This is important task for a business organization to find out an effective way through which communication is carried in an organization (Ferraro and Brody, 2015). Pauls has to manage the team in an effective manner in order to attain efficacy. It is difficult to manage conflicts in teams. It is evident that the organization needs to resolve the conflicts by expressing opinion (Rothaermel, 2015). There should be a proper agreement regarding idea, rules and principles. This is important for an organization to develop cohesiveness in order to attain efficient results. Communication barrier needs to be effectively addressed through free flow of information. Moreover there should be proper consensus between the teams. In this way the organization can address the problems in an effec tive manner (Hill, Jones and Schilling, 2014). Modern organizations are facing problems in managing the function due to maximum outreach. It is a matter of great concern that Paul has maximum outreach in Australia. It is difficult to communicate effectively with the stakeholders. It is important to form efficient relationship with the stakeholders in order to attain long-term profitability. Communication effectively is becoming an issue in modern business organization (Martin and Nakayama, 2013). With global competition it is becoming difficult for the business organizations to manage communication. Large size business organizations are using effective communication channels to communicate with the stakeholders. In such a competitive atmosphere it has become important to deal appropriately with the communication issues (Burdine, 2015). Communication is the lifeline of a business and it is important for the business organizations to effectively evaluate the necessity regarding the issues related to communication. It is essential to establish an effective communication channel between the subsidiaries in order to resolve the issues (Slack, 2015). The modern business organization is finding difficulty in managing the operations across the different channel of business. It is important for the business to establish an effective business channel or hierarchy system in order to address the issues. It is seen that the business organizations are facing problems in meeting the targets (Cornelissen, 2014). In such a situation it is evident that the proper mechanism needs to be followed so that the issues can be addressed smoothly. By far the organization is working in Australia; it may plan to expand its business functions effectively so that the goals can be attained (Morschett, Schramm-Klein and Zentes, 2015). Professional business communication requires proper addressing of issues occurring at the initial level. Majority of organization find difficulty in managing wok due to inefficiency in professional communication. Sustainability at work can only be attained in an effective manner if the organization wants to adopt efficiency. In such a competitive atmosphere it is necessary that Paul need to address the issues that can create a problem in a future date. Communication need to be effective enough in order to address the serious issues (Morden, 2016). In such a competitive scenario the problem can only be addressed if the organization follows an effective business communication channel. Competitive business environment can create issues for the company and it has become evident that the business needs to develop a business atmosphere to overcome the problem (Frynas and Mellahi, 2015) Opportunities Small business organizations have wider opportunities in order to manage the functions in an effective manner. If an organization adopts an effective business communication channel then they can easily overcome the issues they are facing. It is important for the small size business to manage the communication related issues. In case of multiple issues in an organization it is important to address the issues in an effective manner. There are no intercultural issues in the company as it only operates in Australia. Under such a competitive business atmosphere it is necessary to develop efficiency by focusing on every individual unit established locally. In such a disruptive business atmosphere it is necessary to find out an appropriate way to deal with the problems occurring at different level (Stead and Stead, 2013; Hubbard, Rice and Galvin, 2014.). Recommendations and conclusion Communication issues occur everywhere whether the organization is big or small. It is evident that the business can only attain efficiency if the problems are addressed in an effective manner. The most important aspect of communication is to listen to the problems in order to develop skills. It is recommended to Paul that they need to follow an effective communication channel in order to deal with the problems. Majority of problems in an organization occurs due to ineffective communication channel. The issues are not addressed effectively in the business organizations that creates problem. It is evident that Paul should conduct a thorough study in the organizational culture. This will help the organization in earning better understanding. It is necessary that the problems need to be addressed at a lower level. This will allow organization to cope up with the issues and to form efficiencies. It is difficult for the teams to communicate with the teams in an effective manner. Team manag ement and communication is one of the crucial issues occurring in the business organization. This is however necessary to develop effective business channel so that communication barriers are easily resolved at a primary level. To conclude the report includes all the important aspect required to meet the issues occurring in a business organization. Paul is a famous business organization in Australia. As per the current situation it is seen that the local organizations are facing issues due to multinational companies. In such a situation it is important to develop effective business atmosphere so that the clangs can be addressed. The report addresses all the major issue and suggests appropriate techniques to meet the targets. Each company can only develop if they follow an appropriate communication channel. References Burdine,A.2015. 10 Common Business Communication Problems and 20 Solutions. Online. Available at: https://yourcri.com/10-common-business-communication-problems-and-20-solutions/ Accessed on: 27 April 2017 Cornelissen, J., 2014.Corporate communication: A guide to theory and practice. Sage. Ferraro, G. and Brody, E.K., 2015.Cultural Dimension of Global Business. Routledge. Frynas, J.G. and Mellahi, K., 2015.Global strategic management. Oxford University Press, USA. Hill, C.W., Jones, G.R. and Schilling, M.A., 2014.Strategic management: theory: an integrated approach. Cengage Learning. Hubbard, G., Rice, J. and Galvin, P., 2014.Strategic management. Pearson Australia. Martin, J.N. and Nakayama, T.K., 2013.Experiencing intercultural communication. McGraw-Hill Higher Education. Morden, T., 2016.Principles of strategic management. Routledge. Morschett, D., Schramm-Klein, H. and Zentes, J., 2015.Strategic international management. Springer. Pauls, 2017. Online. Available at: https://www.pauls.com.au/about-us/ Accessed on: 27 April 2017 Rothaermel, F.T., 2015.Strategic management. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill. Slack, N., 2015.Operations strategy. John Wiley Sons, Ltd. Stead, J.G. and Stead, W.E., 2013.Sustainable strategic management. ME Sharpe.